Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Volcanic Ash shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Volcanic Ash offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Volcanic Ash at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Volcanic Ash? Wrong! If the Volcanic Ash is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Volcanic Ash then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Volcanic Ash? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Volcanic Ash and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Volcanic Ash wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Volcanic Ash then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Volcanic Ash site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Volcanic Ash, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Volcanic Ash, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
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stratovolcanoimage:Diamond_Head_Kapiolani_Park.jpgVolcanic ash consists of very fine Rock (geology) and
mineral particles less than 2
millimeter in diameter that are ejected from a
volcano vent. Ash is created when solid rock shatters and
magma separates into minute particles during explosive volcanic activity. The usually violent nature of an eruption involving steam (
phreatic eruption) results in the magma and perhaps solid rock surrounding the vent, being torn into particles of clay to sand size.The plume that is often seen above an erupting volcano is composed primarily of ash and steam. The very fine particles may be carried for many miles, settling out as a dust-like layer across the landscape. This is known as an "ash fall". The term for any material explosively thrown out from a vent is tephra or
pyroclastic debris. If liquid
magma is ejected as a spray, the particles will solidify in the air to small fragments of volcanic glass. Tephra particles of gravel size are termed cinders.
The ejection of large quantities of ash will produce an volcanic cones. A layer of volcanic ash tends to become cemented together to form a solid rock called "
tuff".
Characteristics
Unlike the ash that forms from burning wood or other Combustion materials, volcanic ash is hard and abrasive, rather than soft and fluffy. It does not dissolve in water, and it conducts electricity, especially when it is wet. During a severe ash fall, the sky may seem hazy or yellow, and light may fade altogether. The approaching ash cloud may appear to be a weather cloud: lightning and thunder are often present. The air often smells of
sulfur.
Dangers
Volcanic ash is not poisonous, but inhaling it may cause problems for people whose respiratory system is already compromised by disorders such as asthma or emphysema. The abrasive texture can cause irritation and scratching of the surface of the eyes. People who wear
contact lenses should wear glasses if they are experiencing an ash event. Furthermore, the combination of volcanic ash with the moisture in the lungs may create a substance akin to liquid cement. People should also take caution to filter the air they breathe with a damp cloth or a face mask when facing an ash event.
The most devastating effect of volcanic ash comes from pyroclastic flows. These occur when a volcanic eruption creates an "avalanche" of hot ash, gases, and rocks that flow at high speed down the flanks of the volcano. These flows can be impossible to outrun. In 1902, the city of St. Pierre in Martinique was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow which killed over 29,000 people.
Ash and aviation
Tephra or Volcanic ash jams machinery. This poses a great danger to aircraft flying near ash clouds. There are many instances of damage to jet aircraft as a result of an ash encounter. Engines may quit, and fuel and water systems may become fouled, requiring repair. After the Galunggung,
Indonesia volcanic event in 1982, a
British Airways Flight 9 flew through an ash cloud that fouled all 4 engines, stopping them. The plane descended from 11,000 metres to only 3,500 metres before the crew could manage to restart the engines.
Increasing numbers of events like that prompted the aviation industry to meet in 1991 to decide how to best distribute information about ash events. One solution was the creation of Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers. There is one VAAC for each of 9 regions of the world. VAACs can issue advisories and serve as liaisons between meteorologists, volcanologists, and the aviation industry.
Atmospheric effects
Very fine ash particles may remain high in the atmosphere for many years, spread around the world by high-altitude winds. This suspended material contributes to often spectacular sunsets, as well as an optical phenomenon known as "
Bishop's Ring". This refers to a corona or halo effect around the sun. In some cases, high levels of this ash can also cause climate change.
See also
External links
- A map of the 9 VAAC regions
- What to do during an ash fall event
, a stratovolcanoimage:Diamond_Head_Kapiolani_Park.jpg
Volcanic ash consists of very fine Rock (geology) and
mineral particles less than 2
millimeter in diameter that are ejected from a
volcano vent. Ash is created when solid rock shatters and
magma separates into minute particles during explosive volcanic activity. The usually violent nature of an eruption involving steam (
phreatic eruption) results in the
magma and perhaps solid rock surrounding the vent, being torn into particles of
clay to sand size.The plume that is often seen above an erupting volcano is composed primarily of ash and steam. The very fine particles may be carried for many miles, settling out as a dust-like layer across the landscape. This is known as an "ash fall". The term for any material explosively thrown out from a vent is
tephra or pyroclastic debris. If liquid magma is ejected as a spray, the particles will solidify in the air to small fragments of volcanic glass. Tephra particles of
gravel size are termed
cinders.
The ejection of large quantities of ash will produce an volcanic cones. A layer of volcanic ash tends to become cemented together to form a solid rock called "tuff".
Characteristics
Unlike the ash that forms from burning wood or other Combustion materials, volcanic ash is hard and abrasive, rather than soft and fluffy. It does not dissolve in water, and it conducts electricity, especially when it is wet. During a severe ash fall, the sky may seem hazy or yellow, and light may fade altogether. The approaching ash cloud may appear to be a weather cloud: lightning and thunder are often present. The air often smells of
sulfur.
Dangers
Volcanic ash is not poisonous, but inhaling it may cause problems for people whose respiratory system is already compromised by disorders such as asthma or
emphysema. The abrasive texture can cause irritation and scratching of the surface of the eyes. People who wear contact lenses should wear
glasses if they are experiencing an ash event. Furthermore, the combination of volcanic ash with the moisture in the lungs may create a substance akin to liquid cement. People should also take caution to filter the air they breathe with a damp cloth or a face mask when facing an ash event.
The most devastating effect of volcanic ash comes from pyroclastic flows. These occur when a volcanic eruption creates an "avalanche" of hot ash, gases, and rocks that flow at high speed down the flanks of the volcano. These flows can be impossible to outrun. In 1902, the city of St. Pierre in Martinique was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow which killed over 29,000 people.
Ash and aviation
Tephra or Volcanic ash jams machinery. This poses a great danger to
aircraft flying near ash clouds. There are many instances of damage to jet aircraft as a result of an ash encounter. Engines may quit, and fuel and water systems may become fouled, requiring repair. After the
Galunggung, Indonesia volcanic event in 1982, a
British Airways Flight 9 flew through an ash cloud that fouled all 4 engines, stopping them. The plane descended from 11,000 metres to only 3,500 metres before the crew could manage to restart the engines.
Increasing numbers of events like that prompted the aviation industry to meet in 1991 to decide how to best distribute information about ash events. One solution was the creation of Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers. There is one VAAC for each of 9 regions of the world. VAACs can issue advisories and serve as liaisons between meteorologists, volcanologists, and the aviation industry.
Atmospheric effects
Very fine ash particles may remain high in the atmosphere for many years, spread around the world by high-altitude winds. This suspended material contributes to often spectacular sunsets, as well as an optical phenomenon known as "
Bishop's Ring". This refers to a corona or halo effect around the sun. In some cases, high levels of this ash can also cause climate change.
See also
External links
- A map of the 9 VAAC regions
- What to do during an ash fall event
Met Office: Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres
A world leader in aviation met. services, the Met Office provides a comprehensive range of weather and environmental services for the aviation community, from recreational pilots ...
Met Office: London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
A world leader in aviation met. services, the Met Office provides a comprehensive range of weather and environmental services for the aviation community, from recreational pilots ...
Volcanic Ash
Volcanic Ash will be dark this week while I chase around with with my visiting brother and sisters. See you next week.
Volcanic ash - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Volcanic ash consists of small tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions, [1] less than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in diameter.
USGS Photo Glossary: volcanic ash
Illustrates and describes the volcano-related term ... Volcanic ash collected in Randle, Washington, located about 40 km NNE of Mount St.
Volcanic Ash, What it can do and how to minimize damage
An overview of volcanic ash, including properties of ash, effects on equipment and human activities, and strategies for reducing the the potential damage of ash fall.
Volcanic ash and tuff
Volcanic ash is a pyroclastic rock, composed of fine grains less than 2mm in diameter. Pyroclastic means ‘fire-broken’, a name for rocks that have been blown apart by exploding ...
THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF VOLCANIC ASH A guide for the public
3 2 Volcanic ash is composed of fine particles of fragmented volcanic rock (less than 2 mm diameter). Volcanic ash is often hot very close to the volcano but is cool when it falls ...
Volcanic Ash
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Volcanic Ash
Volcanic ash is a volcanic rock which is exploded from a vent in fragments less than 2mm in size. Volcanic ash-particles are like small sharp glass-particles that damage anything ...
